Managing Health and Safety at Work Act Essay

Audit of wellbeing and security jobs and duties Distinguish 2 bits of enactment identifying with wellbeing, security and government assistance pertinent to the work environment I have recognized, The Health and security at work act 1974 and Management wellbeing and wellbeing at work guidelines 1999. The wellbeing and security at work act 1974 is the essential bit of enactment covering all business related wellbeing and wellbeing in the UK. It sets out managers duties regarding your wellbeing and security at work. The Management of wellbeing and security at work guidelines make the evaluation of dangers a foundation of UK wellbeing and wellbeing prerequisites. Obligations rule law forces on both the chief and the group and the directors duties contained inside the associations wellbeing and security strategy. The most significant obligation as a representative is to take sensible consideration of your own wellbeing and security and if conceivable abstain from wearing adornments and tie hair back when utilizing the machines. To take sensible consideration not to put others , individual representatives and individuals from general society in danger by what you do or don’t do over the span of your work. You should co-work with your boss, ensuring you get appropriate preparing and you comprehend and follow the company’s wellbeing and security arrangements. A representative ought to never meddle with or abuse anything that’s been accommodated your wellbeing, security or government assistance. It is your obligation to report any wounds, strains or ailments you endure because of carrying out your responsibility. You ought to consistently tell your boss if something happens that may influence your capacity to work eg turning out to be pregnant or enduring a physical issue. All businesses must make the working environment safe and forestall dangers to wellbeing and guarantee that the hardware is sheltered to utilize, and that protected working practices are set up and followed. The business needs to give sufficient medical aid offices and enlighten you regarding any likely risks from the work you do and give you data, guidelines, preparing and oversight varying. Crisis plans should be set up in the event of crisis. Ensure that ventilation, temperature, lighting, and latrine, washing and rest offices all meet wellbeing, security and government assistance necessities. Watch that the correct work hardware is given and is appropriately utilized and normally kept up. Guarantee that the correct admonition signs are given and looked after.Report certain mishaps, wounds, maladies and risky events to either the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) or the neighborhood authority, contingent upon the kind of business. Clarify what is implied by a ‘competent person’ in your working environment An able individual is somebody who has adequate preparing and experience or information and different characteristics that permit them to help individuals appropriately. The degree of ability required will rely upon the multifaceted nature of the circumstance and the specific assistance you need. When getting help you should offer inclination to those in your own association who have the proper degree of ability which incorporates the business themselves before searching for help from outside. You should counsel wellbeing and security delegates in great time on the courses of action for skilled assistance. Recognize 2 different ways you can give wellbeing and security data, guidance and preparing in your group One way you can give wellbeing and security data is by utilizing flyers and banners around the work place. You can get these from different destinations including: †Sector Skills Councils (www.sscalliance.org.uk); †UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES)(www.ukces.org.uk); †worker's organizations or exchange affiliations; †further instruction schools; †private preparing associations; †autonomous wellbeing and security experts; †business bodies (eg Chambers of Commerce); and †capability granting bodies. To discover a course prompting a licensed wellbeing and security capability take a gander at the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority site www.qca.org.uk/capabilities. Also you could extend on the employment opportunity preparing or homeroom based adapting independently or in gatherings. PC based or intelligent learning is an exceptionally quick, precise and fun method of showing the workers.

Merchant of Venice and the Crucible Comparison

All people group run effectively with characteristics of reasonableness and uniformity. The prosperity of the residents relies upon the help and direction they get from those with force and impact in their general public. At the point when the individuals become degenerate and begin having aims that don't contribute back to the network, the general public will self-destruct and be not able to keep up parity and dependability. In William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice and Arthur Miller’s The Crucible the peruser sees instances of bad form dispensed on the casualties inside the plays through the individuals with power inside the community.The Christians in The Merchant of Venice mock Shylock the Jew on many occasions while the high court in The Crucible accept residents are rehearsing black magic without a legitimate declaration. In the two circumstances, the Christians and the court see themselves making the best choice and accept they are adding to the general pub lic when in all actuality, they break separated the network by aggrieving those that are different.The casualties in William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice and Arthur Miller’s The Crucible experience the ill effects of unfairness as force being put in an inappropriate hands prompts the arrangement of one-sided choice, the constrained through and through freedom of residents and extreme disciplines. The constrained choice of the casualties inside the social orders because of the manipulative peculiarities of the Christians and court subjects them to foul play. The manner in which the Christians abhor Shylock causes him to have constrained through and through freedom in the Venetian community.Shylock can't collaborate with the Christians because of his notoriety for being a moneylender. Shylock can't pick his occupation and as a moneylender, his lone wellspring of pay is the premium he gains from it, bringing about the Christians despising him. This foul play const rains him to be evaded from society and he winds up losing everything that he claims. The Jews just had moneylenders as their occupation and this bad form compels them to be not able to relate and speak with society. â€Å"I am as prefer to call thee [dog] once more,/To spit on thee once more, to purn thee too† (1. 3. 126-127) shows the maltreatment Shylock gets. His limitedness in his occupation features the absence of direction in their locale and the need to drive those that are diverse away. Solanio is â€Å"sure the duke will never concede this relinquishment to hold† (3. 3. 24-25) and as the play proceeds, Shylock faces a losing fight in which the force is apparent in adding to his devastation. He is confronted with bad form each time he meets a Christian and this is constraining him in his exhibition in the community.Similarly, the court applies restricted through and through freedom on all residents of Salem when they remain a sincere Christian. All residents s hould be a piece of the religious government and on the off chance that one wanders away from it, they are blamed for being partnered with the fallen angel. â€Å"No split in a stronghold might be accounted small† (Miller 64) exhibits the constrained chance of individuals in Salem to have another decision of religion. The intensity of the court powers those that were not some portion of the religious government to be dispensed with from society. These are on the whole landholding ranchers, individuals from the church†¦ they’ve known the ladies numerous years and never observed no sign they had dealings with the Devil†¦ ought to be summoned† (Miller 86-87) shows how those that needed to demonstrate the honesty of the denounced are indicted in to be addressed. Notwithstanding the multiple occasions the residents of Salem attempts to inform the court regarding the craziness of black magic, the court would not tune in. John Proctor goes â€Å"twenty-six ti me in seventeen month† (Miller 61) and it was insufficient, in this manner he is blamed for attempting to oust the government.The bad form makes numerous individuals kick the bucket without being to blame. The imperfections in the decision of the legislature are clear all through the play as the court will not tune in and utilizes its capacity to decide the principles of society all alone. Because of the shamefulness in the networks of Venice and Salem put by the force in an inappropriate hands, serious disciplines are set on the people in question. The disciplines dictated by the Christians influence Shylock harshly and he winds up losing all that he has.The foul play Shylock gets is all that anyone could need to demonstrate his nonstop enduring all through the play. Antonio â€Å"call[s him] doubter, merciless dog,† (1. 3. 107), exhibiting the damaging treatment he gets as the Christians ridicule him and toss scornful words at him. Shylock has nobody to defend him, sh owing up alone in many scenes while the Christians consistently show up in gatherings. This â€Å"ganging up† gives the Christians control over Shylock and when they utilize this capacity to hurt Shylock inwardly, the treachery and harm made is exponential.The court is now in favor to Antonio winning as appeared by the Duke saying he â€Å"think[s] so as well,/That [Shylock] however lead’st this design of [his] malignance to the most recent hour of act. † (4. 1. 17-19) the force is inconsistent and this decision powers Shylock to give up and acknowledge his destruction. It is out of line for this to occur as Shylock doesn't get a reasonable preliminary and winds up losing everything. Moreover, the court abuses its capacity and winds up slaughtering the whole network. The intensity of the court upholds religious government to a degree that outcomes in the residents being blamed for not tailing them accurately and going to witchcraft.John Proctor surrenders to sta ting he is related with the villain and â€Å"sign[s himself] to lies† (Miller 133) by admitting to a demonstration he didn't submit. The inconsistent treatment of the blamed shows how the court appreciates manhandling the bounty of intensity it has in its grasp. The charged have nobody to go to and â€Å"God send[s] his leniency on [them]† (Miller 129) when they admit to black magic. The court enjoys viewing the residents get denounced and dove in the reality the force they possessed is fundamental in the fortitude of the residents. It is this barbarous demonstration of the network that makes the whole network suffer.The disciplines are clear because of the differentiation between the people in question and the legitimate force in the Christians and the court, at last influencing the general foul play inside every general public. At the point when choices are impacted and get one-sided, the contrary side of the gathering gets influenced. While one gathering may profit and get a positive predisposition, the converse will occur for the other, bringing about the casualties being wrongly denounced. The decisions the Christians make wind up hurting Shylock when he loses the entirety of his riches and property and is changed over to a Christian.The one-sided choice causes treachery on Shylock as he is avoided and abhorred in the Venetian people group. As Shylock starts his celebrated discourse â€Å"Hath not a Jew eyes? † (3. 1. 54) he shows that he feels similar torments and delights that the Christians feel and ought to be dealt with similarly yet the one-sided sees the Christians have of him kills him from any type of regard he merits. When Jessica loots him and leaves with a Christian Solanio, claiming to be Shylock, shouts out â€Å"My little girl! O my ducats! O my little girl! † (2. 8. 15) in a deriding way, making a predisposition on Shylock in which perusers can concur with.Shylock is depicted as a coldblooded and vindictive cha racter and as Solanio mirrors him, no compassion is felt for his misfortune. The Christians are just ready to consider Shylock to be the Jew and don't relate any feelings to him. Essentially, the assessment of the court powers the entire town of Salem to take action accordingly. The little youngsters can pick up power and with the assistance of the court, they can hang those they loathe. Their blamelessness and feeling of helplessness empowers the court to accept and bolster them. Abigail’s â€Å"name is acceptable in the village† (Miller 12) makes her ready to handily blame those not in favor with the court.The court trusts her and just hears her side of the story, taking all that she says as reality. Once Abigail blames the residents, their possibility of reclamation is close to none. Delegate goes to bat for himself, doubting why they never â€Å"wonder if Parris be honest, or Abigail? Is the informer in every case sacred at this point? † (Miller 73). The one -sided assessment of the court made numerous blameless individuals hold on to be demonstrated blameworthy. The intensity of Abigail and her companions cause foul play on the residents they hated, compelling numerous families to bite the dust in Salem.Their absence of thought for others makes for an inclination against the charged. The people group in which manhandled power is available therefore is destroyed, convincing the casualties to endure. The one-sided choice of the Christians and the court bring about bad form in their general public, assuming a vital job in separating the network. The development of one-sided choices, the restricted choice, and extreme disciplines is an aftereffect of foul play in the networks when force is put in an inappropriate delivers Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice and Miller’s The Crucible.The one-sided choices of the Christians and the court help them to frame supported choices and incline toward one gathering over another. The re stricted unrestrained choice Shylock and the residents get bring about the absence of decisions they make in their every day lives. The extreme disciplines the casualties in the two writings get cause the shamefulness in the network to develop as those with power misuse their capacity and use it to hurt those that didn't should be hurt. The foul play demonstrates the need to fix issues in social orders, encouraging one that force utilized appropriately is fundamental for a network to work.

Femininity against Masculinity in A White Heron Essay -- Sarah Orne Je

Since its first appearance in the 1886 assortment A White Heron and Other Stories, the short story A White Heron has gotten the most loved and frequently anthologized of Sarah Orne Jewett. Like the greater part of this regionalist essayist's works, A White Heron was enlivened by the individuals and scenes in provincial New England, where, as a young lady, she regularly went with her primary care physician father on his meeting patients. The story is around a nine-year-old young lady who becomes hopelessly enamored with a winged animal tracker however doesn't reveal to him the white heron's place since her adoration for nature is a lot more prominent. In this story, the creator presents a contention among gentility and manliness by comparing Sylvia, who has a tranquil life in nation, to a tracker from town, which infers her discontent with the modernization?s danger to the nature. Unique in relation to female and male which can depict creatures, gentility and manliness are close to home and human. That is gentility alludes to characteristics and practices related with ladies and young ladies and manliness is masculine character, it explicitly portrays men. Gentility has generally included highlights, for example, delicacy, tolerance and graciousness. Unexpectedly, men?s boss characteristics are quality, mental fortitude and viciousness. Unmistakably pictures for two definitions above in A White Heron are Sylvia and the tracker. The tracker is inviting and nice while Sylvia ?fears people?. Sylvia is ?a little house cleaner who had attempted to develop for a long time in a jam-packed assembling town?, yet she is honest and virtue. ?The little woods-young lady is frightened to hear an unmistakable whistle not exceptionally far away.? ?Sylvia was more frightened than previously? at the point when the tracker shows up and converses with her. She effectively consents to assist the tracker with giving nourishment and a spot... ...usting human progress upon it? (P. Mill operator, p.207). With this, the creator has accomplished the striking quality ramifications that forceful manly modernization is a risk to the delicate ladylike nature. Toward the finish of the story, Sylvia chooses to stay discreet of the heron and acknowledges to see her darling tracker leave. This arrangement reflects Jewett?s trust that the blameless nature could remain safe from the urbanization. All in all, Sylvia and the tracker are two ordinary delegates of gentility and manliness in the story ?The white heron? by Sarah Orne Jewett. In the time of industrialization when provincial life bit by bit was crushed, the writer as a young lady who went through nearly of her time on earth in wide open couldn't resist expounding on it and what she centers in her story - gentility and manliness, which themselves contain the emblematic implications - shock no one.

New vs Old SAT Math Comparison

The new SAT format starts from March 2016 with a new point scale and many other surprises for the aspirants taking this coveted test. The new version of SAT has substantial changes in the test format reducing the number of section to five. The essay has become optional and composite score has been upgraded to the range of 400-1600.You must have already updated your knowledge with these key points. Apart from these general format changes, The College Board has approved some content changes as well in all the subjects. Here, we will discuss the changes made in math from old SAT to new SAT. Changes in Syllabus and Score Breakdown: The grading scale has been left unchanged at 200-800. However the format of questions has seriously changed in the new SAT. It will have two sections with 58 questions in total having this breakdown: Multiple Choice questions- 45 Grid in questions- 13 Furthermore, there is a change in calculator-allowed format and duration has been increased from 70 minutes to 80 minutes. No calculator questions- 20 Calculator questions- 38 Syllabus of math has also undergone some major changes in its new version. In this new SAT, basic trigonometry is added and geometry is downsized in terms of complexity. It now includes the following topics: Heart of Algebra: It will comprise of 19 questions based on linear equations, inequalities, and systems of linear equations. Problem Solving and Data Analysis: It is comprised of 17 questions based on ratio, units, proportions, percentages, probabilities, and quantitative data. Related articles #SAT College Board,#SAT Score #RefundAugustSAT | Have my SAT Scores Been Compromised? 0 1044 #SAT College Board New SAT 2018-2019 - Dates and Deadlines 0 9114 # Meet Our SAT Leaderboard Toppers! 0 2298 #SAT Score Average SAT Scores At 10 Top Universities   0 0 #SAT College Board Where to find answer explanations for SAT Blue Book? 0 5535 Passport to Advanced Math: This syllabus is covered with 16 questions based on equivalent algebraic expression, exponential functions, nonlinear equations functions, and quadratic equations. Additional Topic in Math: It is based on basic trigonometry and geometry which comprises total 6 questions. How to Prepare Well For New SAT Math? SAT is a test where skills are tested on the basis of your speed to solve the questions and accuracy maintained in it. You must set aside ample time to understand the chapters included in new syllabus. At the same time, it has one complete section with no calculator allowed for typical computations. Hence, practice to improve your calculation skills as well. It will ensure completion of your test paper within the time allotted. In this new SAT, you won’t lose your scores for guessing any answer incorrectly. It means there is no penalty for giving wrong answers. Use these tips to prepare well for new Math format of the new SAT. -->Discuss Problems of SAT  Advanced Math on Rapid Math Group on QS-LEAP

The Personification of Family - 799 Words

The Personification of Family â€Å"I have found the paradox, that if you love until it hurts, there can be no more hurt, only more love†. As humans we learn to accept those we love despite their strengths and weaknesses. We create bonds that go beyond logic and reasoning. Bonds that overpower the mind and with the proper time allow us to omit our pain. Love stands superior to all faults in a relationship. Such is the imperfection of love that without experiencing pain, love is never really understood. In Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller presents Linda, the heart of the Loman family, as a mother figure that agrees with Mother Teresa’s quote. Linda is compassionate, understanding, and loving towards Willy, however she is seen as the family†¦show more content†¦Idolizing Ben, Willy too wants â€Å"to walk into the jungle† and become rich and with time learns to regret his decision, leaving Linda in regret. So with comfort she encourages him to believe in his illusions, in a way tha t caused her to retaliate in response to his failures. In addition when he starts realizing he’s a â€Å"pitiful adventurer of the road†, Linda makes excuses out of pity. Quick to jump to conclusions and make false accusations, Linda blames â€Å"the steering† and his â€Å"glasses† when Willy can’t seem to keep his mind on the road and returns home early from his business trip. â€Å"You didn’t rest your mind† Linda explains as Willy tries to remember what went wrong. His inevitable memories of his long ago affair with Miss Frances, allows Willy to admit â€Å"It’s me†. Feeling impotent Linda tells him to â€Å"just try to relax†. However, knowing that he is unable to work and borrows money from Charlie to provide for her, Linda can be described as â€Å"a blind leader of the blind†. Becoming aware of his ‘accidental’ crashes and the line attachment to the gas pipe, she is unable to explain re ality to him and creates a false world in which she ignores his suicidal attempts. However by not mentioning his stupidity she allows Willy to believe he is â€Å"†¦worth more dead than alive.† Without a doubt, however, Linda is an admirable wife. She is an amiable and sympathetic person who protects her husband from heartbreak and disappointment. And although her excessiveShow MoreRelatedPoetry and Schizophrenia726 Words   |  3 Pageslike similes, metaphors, personification, rhymes, and imagery to get their themes or meanings across to the reader. In the poem â€Å"Schizophrenia†, Jim Stevens uses personification of the house to give the poem its overall meaning. Personification and symbolism are the most important poetic elements to â€Å"Schizophrenia† because they are used to describe how the house can never be the same after the effects of schizophrenia and how the house personifies and symbolizes a family and the person with schizophreniaRead MoreAnalysis Of Sylvia Plaths Tulips831 Words   |  4 Pagesspeaker in the poem is in a hospital room, separate from their family. No one is present in the white hospital room, except for the speaker and the t ulips. The room is peaceful and allows the speaker to enjoy a lack of commitment towards anything. Unfortunately for the speaker, the tulips in the room remind the speaker of their life and bind the speaker to their responsibilities. In Sylvia Plath’s â€Å"Tulips,† color symbolism and personification contrast the peace of disconnection and commitments in lifeRead More Abandonment and Struggle on a Farm1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthe house and the family that lived in it through inanimate objects as well as the condition of the house and surrounding farmland. Using figurative language devices such as simile, metaphor, and personification Kooser allows the reader to draw their own conclusions. As well, Kooser allows the reader to fill in the gaps in his writing, however, he creates themes in this poem that are hard to ignore and thus they must be acknowledged. Themes of abandonment and a struggling family are prevalent in â€Å"AbandonedRead MoreAre You My Mother?993 Wo rds   |  4 Pagesend, the hatchling sees a crane and this crane miraculously led him back to the nest that he was born in. As he returns to the nest, his mother also comes back and introduces herself and finally reunite. In this book Dr. Eastman uses picture, personification, repetition and pathos, to illustrate that children, who grows up without their biological mother or father, seeks to know who their parents are and to allow parents know that their child would like to know them. In the beginning of the bookRead MoreEssay On Emily Dickinson1034 Words   |  5 Pageswho used her previously devastating personal experiences to enhance her poems. Emily Dickinson was born on December 10th, 1830 to Edward and Emily Dickinson in Amherst, Massachusetts. In the year 1833, her little sister Lavinia was born into the family. During February of 1852, A Valentine was published in the Springfield Republican. That was one of the first poems that she had written. Emily Dickinson was an amazing poet that wrote one thousand, eight hundred poems. Nine hundred of those poemsRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury And Ursula Le Guin1385 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategies and modes contribute to the overall role of the protagonists. Ray Bradbury uses personification and the rhetorical mode of pathos to convey the oblivious suffering that the protagonist, the â€Å"smart house†, undergoes. Ursula Le Guin utilizes diction and the rhetorical mode of pathos to demonstrate the society’s dependency on the life of a young, hopeless boy. Through the authors’ use of diction, personification, and the rhetorical mode of pathos, readers can view both short stories in a new criticismRead MoreJohn Updikes Poem Ex-Basketball Player1225 Words   |  5 Pages(Preposition )to modern day gloom, he realistically develops the characterization of Flick. In his poem Ex-Basketball Player, John Updike uses personification along with allusions to improve characterization of Flick Webb and develop a somber tone of Flick Webb in his poem Ex-Basketball Player. In order to characterize Flick, Updike used personification to contrast Flick with his surroundings. In the poem, the speaker explains how Flick, the extraordinary basketball player,(Appositive) spends hisRead MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet746 Words   |  3 Pagesbetween their two families. Their love is so strong that at the end of the story Romeo and Juliet both end up committing suicide because they can’t live without each other. Whether it is problems with love, or them complimenting each other on how they feel about the other person, Shakespeare uses many literary devices to make the reader dig deeper into the context to find the meaning behind the sentence. Some of the literary devices are; similes, metaphors, and personification. Shakespeare usesRead MoreThe Life Of Sylvia Path1212 Words   |  5 PagesMaster’s Degree in teaching and opted one of his father’s course†. â€Å"The grandparents of Otto wanted him to become a Lutheran minister and for the same reason he separated from them†. Three years later, her brother Warren was born. Afterward, her family had moved to Winthrop, Massachusetts in 1936. Most of Plath’s childhood was spent on Johnson Avenue. Eventually, her father, Otto Plath died on 5 November 1940 attending subtraction of the foot because of untreated diabetes. Her father fell sick soonRead MoreLiterary Elements In A Walk To The Jetty801 Words   |  4 Pagesprepared to leave her homeland and move onwards with her life by moving to England to become a nurse. As Annie was about to leave her resented homeland, she says, â€Å"‘I shall never see this again’ stabbed at me† (Kincaid 40). This is an example of personification because words cannot physically stab someone, but it could’ve meant that she felt some kind of mental discomfort after saying her piece of her mind. This shows that she’s afraid of going to leaving everything she knows behind in Antigua and start

Genetics Human Diseases

Question: Discuss about theGeneticsfor Human Diseases. Answer: Introduction The conditional gene knockout methodology would be used to address the learning and memory defects in the adult mouse. It is the process of inactivating the gene of interest in the specific tissue while in the wild type; the gene retains its original function. It is useful in studying the human diseases and developmental stages in human. In target gene inactivation, there is reliable association of the phenotype and the role of individual gene study in vivo. This conditional gene knockout methodology could be used to delete the Msc 1 gene in the brain tissue of the mouse and to study the learning and memory defects. The knockout mouse lacks the Msc 1 gene during the early embryonic stages and the learning and thinking defects are due to the developmental defects in the wiring of the brain. The conditional gene knockout creates the knockout mutations in embryonic stem cells and it is the best way by which the function and role of certain genes in human diseases are studied (Gierut, Jacks and Haigis 2014). The tissue- specific conditional knockout mouse is used to study the gene function and targeted validation. The targeted tissue in the brain associated with thinking or learning are inactivated that is there is no gene of interest and no expression and induced in the mouse (Davila et al. 2014). The same gene of interest is functional in the rest of the body. The knockout mouse would harbor a gene that completely lacks the normal function of the gene due to absence or non-functional gene product. The targeted gene deletion helps to study the biological role and the in vivo function of the specific gene in human diseases. The underlying pathophysiology is understood and the associated therapies in treating the disease. The Cre-Lox recombinase system is used to achieve the conditional knockout methodology. This method helps to knockout the gene of interest only in specific tissues. In conditional gene knockout, the DNA recombinase Cre and lox-P are the recognition sites (Kratochwil and Rijli 2014). In conditional, the target gene Msc 1 gene is modified by insertion of the lox-P in to the sites that excise the floxed gene segment by using Cre recombinase. The crossing of Cre transgenic with the floxed strain makes the inactivation of the target gene in vivo under the domain of Cre expression (Niesner and Maheshri 2013). The Msc 1 gene becomes inactivated in the Cre expressing cells while in other parts of the body the gene is active. References: Davila, D., Thibault, K., Fiacco, T.A. and Agulhon, C., 2014. Recent molecular approaches to understanding astrocyte function in vivo.Imaging and monitoring astrocytes in health and disease. Gierut, J.J., Jacks, T.E. and Haigis, K.M., 2014. Strategies to achieve conditional gene mutation in mice.Cold Spring Harbor Protocols,2014(4), pp.pdb-top069807. Kratochwil, C.F. and Rijli, F.M., 2014. The Cre/Lox system to assess the development of the mouse brain.Brain Development: Methods and Protocols, pp.295-313. Niesner, B. and Maheshri, N., 2013. Using the crelox system to randomize target gene expression states and generate diverse phenotypes.Biotechnology and bioengineering,110(10), pp.2677-2686.

Waiting For Godot Essay Example For Students

Waiting For Godot Essay Waiting for Godot has been a subject of my thoughts for about two weeks now. While considering the work, its author, and the comments I have found about the play, I have come up with three hypotheses as to the meaning and overall theme. Either it is about Humanity waiting for a savior that does exist to return; or it could be about the hopelessness of Humanity waiting for a savior that doesn’t exist, and therefore will never come; or, the easiest of possibilities, that Waiting really has no theme at all. This last theory is the one that I most readily accept, and the answer that Samuel Beckett, the author of the play, put forth when questioned about the meaning of his strange little piece. We will write a custom essay on Waiting For Godot specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many critics put the first theory forth as the true meaning of Waiting, and there are many aspects of it by which they can make their point. The most obvious is the title character, Godot, because the root word of the name is God. The many references to Christianity also create a close connection between the storyline and many important stories from the Bible. From the very beginning Vladimir and Estragon ponder their salvation, consider death, and draw a parallel between themselves and the two thieves that were crucified along with Jesus, according to the Gospels. Vladimir: †¦One of the thieves was saved. It’s a reasonable percentage. Gogo. Estragon: What? Vladimir: Suppose we repented. Estragon: Repented what? Vladimir: Oh†¦we wouldn’t have to go into the details. Estragon: Our being born? The general attitude expressed throughout is the hopelessness, or possibly the meaningless-ness of life. Humanity’s purpose is simply to wait out its existence until the Second Coming. Everything we do, say, feel, experience, etc., is just passing the time until our lives come to an end. Vladimir: That passed the time. Estragon: It would have passed in any case. Vladimir: Yes, but not so rapidly. Let us assume that Godot does symbolize God. He is someone who will come to make a great change in the Vladimir and Estragon’s lives, a great change for the better. But Godot, and whatever that change may be, does not come throughout the length of the play. They mistake Pozzo for Godot, and they mistake the messenger for Godot, because they do not know what Godot looks like or what manner of person he may be. Likewise, through our lives we mistake people and occurrences for Christ. And that helps us to pass the time until we die. The fact that Godot never comes also helps to prove the second theory about the meaning of Waiting. What if God and the afterlife do not exist? What then? We spend our entire lives waiting, biding our time in anticipation of our great reward. But when our lives end, that’s it. All the preparation, all our good intentions, are useless and meaningless because there was no meaning in the first place. Beckett may have used the play to illustrate how pathetic Humanity seems as it strives toward a nonexistent goal. He also made great fun of all those philosophers that ponder on the meaning of our existence using the character of Lucky. When Lucky makes his lengthy oration of nonsense, it is illustrating what nonsense everything that all the great thinkers have said on the meaning of life. For if life has no meaning, then it is all gibberish, and Lucky makes just as much sense as Voltaire. The third and final theory about the meaning of Waiting for Godot is that it has no meaning. When questioned repeatedly on the matter, Beckett was quoted in the New York Times as saying, â€Å"I know no more of this play than anyone who manages to read it attentively,† and, †I do not know who Godot is. I do not even know if he exists.†

Weakness in the Articles of Confederation essays

Weakness in the Articles of Confederation essays The Articles of Confederation, active from March 1, 1781, to June 21, 1788 was the first constitution established in the New World. The articles were drafted by the British colonists in order to help unify the 13 colonies under a common government. This document expressed the form of government the early Americans used until June 21, 1788 when the present constitution was drafted. The articles came out of a need for the colonies to unite after being freed from British rule, and in this need, the articles were effective in putting into words the colonists desire to establish a centralized government. Unfortunately, through the colonists desires to establish a centralized government that was nothing like that of the government imposed on them in England by the King, a central government without sufficient power to govern effectively was created. Along with this major weakness, many other weaknesses followed. The governments lack of power rendered it unable to regulate trade and levy taxes to the colonies. Finally, a unanimous approval was required to pass laws, leaving the ability to change or to pass laws at the mercy of one state when all twelve other states agreed. First of all, the governments inability to regulate trade was a huge problem. The states, without any government regulation, were free to set their own taxes on goods. There was not a set tax on certain goods; taxes on the same goods were different in every state. This inflated state of taxes, fluctuating from state to state, made interstate commerce very expensive. Tariff wars resulted when one state would raise its taxes after getting mad at other states for having high taxes on goods. As a result, interstate commerce almost completely diminished as tax inflation became too high for trade to flourish. Interstate commerce was furthermore hampered by the existence of different currencies in every state. Trade became very tough an ...

Banking law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Banking law - Essay Example For example in Barclays Bank Plc v O’Brien the House of Lords ruled that when the burden shifts to the stronger party to prove that there was no undue influence, the burden can be discharged by proof that the weaker party voluntarily entered into the agreement or the transaction and this can be proven by showing that the weaker party had the benefit of independent legal advice.7 It has been subsequently ruled that where undue influence is presumed, the bank’s security will stand on whether or not the surety had the benefit of independent legal advice.8 It was not altogether clear whether banks had a duty to ensure that vulnerable sureties sought independent legal advice. The courts had merely stated that the burden of proof could be discharged by showing that the vulnerable surety had voluntarily entered into the transaction and this could be shown by proof that the vulnerable surety had the benefit of independent legal advice. The matter was more clearly stated by the House of Lords in Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (no.2). In Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge, the House of Lords ruled that the bank is required to take all reasonable steps to ensure that the vulnerable surety was appropriately apprised of the transaction and what this means is that the bank would require that the vulnerable surety had the benefit of independent legal advice.9 Further guidance was provided by the House of Lords in National Westminster Bank v Amin. In the case, the bank applied to the court for the defendant’s defence of undue influence on the part of her son who was a business man. In this case, the bank had previously required that their solicitors clarify and explain the details and consequences of the transaction to which the defendant would provide...Banks should also want to be sure that vulnerable sureties are exercising free and unimpeded judgement from the onset. Therefore the requirement of independent legal advice should not be an obstacle to ban ks taking on vulnerable securities. It should merely be perceived as a necessary step toward ensuring that vulnerable securities may not be rescinded at a later date. The requirement of independent legal advice is commercial sound and reasonable in that it seeks to safeguard the interests of all parties involved, including the bank. The principle debtor is ensured that he or she will obtain the benefit of a loan on the strength of a promise that the surety will provide security for the loan or discharge the debt in the event he or she is unable to. The bank obtains the necessary security for the loan and the surety is committed to loan. Each of these interests are equally important and it is in each of the party’s best interest to ensure that the vulnerable surety is fully aware of his or her obligations and the consequences of the transaction. Neither the bank nor the principle debtor will benefit from a transaction in which the surety is unaware of the consequences of the transaction is unable to fully understand or appreciate the consequences of the transaction. It makes sense that since the bank wants to ensure the integrity of its secu rities, that it would take the minimal step of requiring that vulnerable sureties seek independent legal advice.

Is it morally defensible for doctors to offer treatments that will Essay

Is it morally defensible for doctors to offer treatments that will enhance human capabilities (mental or physical) Discuss - Essay Example Abnormal genes will be replaced with normal and well functioning genes through homologous combination while selective reverse mutation will ensure that abnormal genes will return to the normal function (Sandel, 2007). Spindle transfer approach will ensure that the entire mitochondrion that is defective is replaced with normal mitochondria. Basically, there are two types of gene therapy that are Somatic gene therapy and Genetic gene therapy. Somatic gene therapy entails the transfer of genes in the somatic cells of the patient except the undifferentiated stem cells (Burley and Harris, 2002). On the other hand, Genetic gene therapy entails modification of the cells including the sperm cells of the patient and these genes become inheritable by the offspring of the patients thus preventing the passage of the disease to the offspring (Becker, 2000). Gene therapy has attracted intense ethical debate and controversy with the opponents asserting that it is not natural while the proponents as sert that it improves the living standards of the patient and offspring (Wartburg and Liew, 1999). According to Aristotle’ ethical theory, all the scientific technique must aim at certain good and there is absolutely one final end of all sciences. The absolute end of sciences should be happiness which all sub-ends aim at attaining (Wartburg and Liew, 1999). In this case, Aristotle ethical theory is clear that happiness entails thriving life and living well. Accordingly, happiness of patients encompasses the external goods that include wholesome children and personal beauty (Burley and Harris, 2002). According to Aristotle, gene-therapy is necessary since it leads to high standards of health care thus leading to happy patients and wholesome children (Vaughn, 2009). Accordingly, the death of a patient will cause unhappiness to the friends and close family

Applying Problem Solving Essay Example for Free

Applying Problem Solving Essay There are so many problems in the world today, personal as much as in society as a whole. The question is, how can we solve them? The answer is, soft skills such as critical thinking and problem solving. These are arguably the most effective weapons we have against combatting these problems. Let’s explore two examples of real-world scenarios: Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Gun Violence. A recent study confirmed a direct link between tumors and Genetically Modified Organisms (Food Chem Toxicol, 2012). The scientific method was used to observe, hypothesize, experiment, and verify this conclusion, via a controlled experiment with rats over the course of two years. That’s not to say that all tumors are caused solely by GMOs, but rather that at least one of the causes for tumors have been identified. As a result of this study, many countries have banned the importing, development, and sales of GMOs, including (but not limited to) Italy, Switzerland, and New Zealand (for confirmation, search â€Å"GMO Ban† from the University of Phoenix Library). The scientific method has also been used to study the toxicity of chem trails in the air, fluoride in the water, and preservatives in food products. So why has President Obama signed into law the Monsanto Protection Act, which protects Monsanto (a large American GMO company) from federal courts? With so much evidence, one must wonder why the government is turning a blind eye (or even worse, â€Å"protecting†) these companies, at the expense of our health. Many speculate that the motive for this corruption is money, such as corporate bribery (otherwise known as â€Å"lobbying†) from big Food and Medical industries. Consider how all three organizations benefit: Food companies from the sale of their poisonous products, Medical companies from the sale of treating the poisonous effects of the food, and Government from both the corporate â€Å"lobbying† and taxation. The love of money is indeed the â€Å"root of all evil†. But knowledge is power. The scientific method can be used to further expose this corruption, and as citizens demand that our Representative take action to remediate these problems. Another current and  very controversial issue is gun control. There are many strong and valid arguments from both sides of this debate. Gun owners would argue that more â€Å"good† people should be armed to outnumber the â€Å"bad† people, and that it is our constitutional right to bare arms. However, opposing viewpoints advocate that guns are too easily obtainable, and that certain precautionary measures should be taken to avoid the issuance of a gun to anyone not qualified, such as due to mental illness or history of violent behavior. Persuasive thinking is at play during these debates. The gun owner may portray a story where gun ownership was beneficial, saving an entire family from an armed robber. Opposing viewpoints may portray a story where a tragic massacre could have been prevented had gun control laws been in place. Notice how these arguments tug at the strings of our heart, playing into people’s emotions. In my opinion, both of these problems are not a matter of insufficient laws, but rather spiritual matters of the heart. In the early years of this nation, companies were never ordered by law to give back to their communities. Instead, company owners gave back to their communities out of the generosity of their hearts, good morals, and gratitude towards the capitalism system which has benefitted them so much. The Middle Class concept can also be attributed to company owners of good morals. This concept was not originally formulated by government, but rather by Henry Ford, founder of Ford Motor Company, who wished to pay his employees not only for manufacturing his vehicles, but also for purchasing one of their very own. Sadly, greed and competition has poisoned the hearts of many present-day company owners to such a degree that they’re willing to do anything (including jeopardizing people’s health and cheating people out of their life savings and pensions) just to obtain a greater profit. The same concept applies to gun violence. In the founding years of this nation, life preservation and â€Å"loving thy neighbor† was held in highest esteem. But over time, the â€Å"fun† of violent video games, movies and TV Shows, as well as the â€Å"glory† of war has slowly eroded and desensitized the moral fabric of society. Good news can still emerge from the midst of these situations. As long as mankind continues to learn (about each other, as well as critical thinking and problem solving skills), love, compromise, and unite as one, there is no problem too big that cannot be solved! Major and minor problems arise in life, which called to be solved by using different methods. It is important that we able to utilize these methods, such as persuasive thinking and scientific thinking, in order to eliminate certain problems that may hinder us from achieving our personal goals. In the past, I have used both of these methods to solve problems that have been as simple as deciding which lotion was the healthiest choice for me and reminding my mother that I was an adult that wanted to travel. Using scientific thinking, I was able to eradicate a problem that involved using a certain type of body lotion. I went to a beauty store to purchase a new body lotion as my old body lotion was finished, and I wanted a change. I tested the scents of many lotions on the shelves and found a particular lotion that was in my budget and had a pleasant scent. The first day I used the lotion, I noticed that my skin was irritated and a few tiny bumps appeared on my arms and legs. Over the next few days, I still used the lotion, and the irritation grew worse; there were more bumps, and they were beginning to itch. The irritation never occurred when I used my old lotion, so I began to believe that was the problem. Kirby and Goodpaster (2007) state that the basic steps to solving a problem using the scientific method are observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and verification (p. 221). I observed my skin breaking out after I bought the new lotion; I did not break out before I purchased the lotion, nor did I break out with my old lotion. I formed my hypothesis after that: â€Å"If I use this new lotion, then I will break out,† or â€Å"My new lotion is causing me to break out†. Next, I conducted a small experiment. I stopped using the lotion for a week, and I noticed that my skin began to clear up, and it felt less irritated with each day that passed. I concluded that my hypothesis was correct shortly thereafter, but to verify that conclusion, I bought an unscented, medicated lotion, (similar to my old lotion) and began using that. With this medicated lotion, I noticed that there were no negative changes with my skin. One part of the verification process was unintentional, though. One day, my arms were a bit dry after swimming with friends, and the only lotion I had in my purse was the scented lotion that I once hypothesized was causing my skin irritation. I did not believe I would break out again, but shortly after, my skin was irritated, red, and there were bumps on my arms. To this day, I stay away from lotion that is scented because my skin is very sensitive. This problem was much easier to solve than my problem that needed to be solved with persuasion. Persuasion is not one of my strengths, but I needed to use it in order to solve a problem I was facing. Ever since I received my first computer at the age of 10, I have spent a lot of time on the internet, chatting with peers and making new friends. I am an introvert, which is defined as â€Å"a person characterized by concern primarily with his or her own thoughts and feelings,† (Dictionary.com, 2012). I do not like being big crowds, and I feel more comfortable talking online with friends, than I do with talking to peopl e in public. In 2009, I met someone from Tennessee, and for three years I have chatted with her via instant messenger, spoken to her family, video chatted via video messenger, spoken on the phone, etc. We became very good friends, and I brought it to my mother’s attention that I wanted to travel to Tennessee to visit my friend. My mother’s immediate response was to deny me. Her argument was understandable, but I quickly realized that I had to do attempt to persuade her. As most children, my first reaction was to declare that she was being unreasonable, whine, and grovel. Of course, that did not work, so I decided to go another route. The first step that I took was asking my mother exactly why she did not want me to travel to see my friend. As she began to list the reasons, I made sure I listened. Next I made to make sure that my mother knew I saw her side of things. I understood why she was so adamant about not letting me go. I had spoken to my friend for years, and I felt as though I gotten to know her very well, but meeting someone in person will always be different- despite how well you know them online. There was also a chance that my friend and I would not get along in person, and I would be stuck in a state for a period of time where I did not know anyone else. After explaining many of the negatives, I began to give her positives. I wanted to let her know that I had a plan. I had my own money saved to travel. I told her that she could speak with my friend’s mother so the two could get to know each other a little better. I researched the town in Tennessee, so that my mother could  see that my friend lived in a quiet neighborhood where there was little crime. I had to also remind my mother that, despite her being my parent and wanting what was best for me, I was a 21-year-old young woman. When it was all over, I asked for my mother’s response. She said that I could travel to Tennessee, but there was a stipulation: my mother wanted to accompany me on the trip. I ended up compromising, so that my mother’s mind would be at ease and I could still go to see my friend. With my first problem, I learned something about my body: in order to keep my skin healthy, I had to avoid certain lotions that would lead to irritation. With the second problem, I had to remind myself to act as an adult and not to succumb to manipulative tasks when trying to persuade a parent. In the end I had to compromise, but the end result was still much better than not being able to see a friend that I cared for dearly. The two problems were handled differently, using two different methods of thinking, but both of my problems were solved in the end. References Dictionary.com. (2012). Introvert. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/introvert Kirby, G. R., Goodpaster, J. R. (2007). Thinking: An interdisciplinary approach to critical thinking (4th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay -- Abuse Violence Essays

â€Å"Domestic violence is the most ubiquitous constant in women’s lives around the world. There is virtually no place where it is not a significant problem, and women of no race, class, or age are exempt from its reach† -Joni Seager Abstract: Domestic violence against women is a social problem that occurs in nearly every corner of the world. Recently, some states have begun to recognize that women must be protected from abuse by family members and intimates. While policies and practices designed to protect women have emerged in a number of countries, many lag behind on the issue. This paper will examine the causal factors behind the variation in protection for women. The literature on women and politics suggests that women’s representation may increase the level of protection against domestic violence because female legislators are more likely to put women’s issues on the agenda and make policy choices that benefit their sex. Alternatively, the culture of a state may determine whether the society supports rights for women, including protection from domestic violence. A variety of statistics indicating women’s representation and culture were gathered for analysis. Using bi variate cor relation and multiple regression, the theories were tested against each other in an attempt to determine the cause of variation in levels of protection. The findings suggest that both women’s representation and culture are significantly correlated to level of protection. Because the number of women in elected office influences protection to a greater extent than culture, improving women’s representation appears to be an important factor in fighting the domestic violence problem. THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PROBLEM Across... .... [3] For data source, see UN. The World’s Women 2000: Trends and Statistics. NY, 2000. [4] For data source, see World Development Indicators, 2003 [5] For data source, see UN, The World’s Women 2000: Trends and Statistics. NY, 2000. [6] For data sources, see Kamerman, Neuman, Waldfogel and Brooks-Gunn. â€Å"Social Policies, Family Types and Child Outcomes in Selected OECD Countries.† OECD, 2003. Luxembourg Income Study, 1997; expert opinion [7] For data source, see Seager, Joni. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. Penguin Books: New York, 2003. [8] For data source, see Seager, Joni. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. Penguin Books: New York, 2003. [9] For data source, see The World Bank Statistics, 2001 [10] For data source, see Seager, Joni. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. Penguin Books: New York, 2003. Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay -- Abuse Violence Essays â€Å"Domestic violence is the most ubiquitous constant in women’s lives around the world. There is virtually no place where it is not a significant problem, and women of no race, class, or age are exempt from its reach† -Joni Seager Abstract: Domestic violence against women is a social problem that occurs in nearly every corner of the world. Recently, some states have begun to recognize that women must be protected from abuse by family members and intimates. While policies and practices designed to protect women have emerged in a number of countries, many lag behind on the issue. This paper will examine the causal factors behind the variation in protection for women. The literature on women and politics suggests that women’s representation may increase the level of protection against domestic violence because female legislators are more likely to put women’s issues on the agenda and make policy choices that benefit their sex. Alternatively, the culture of a state may determine whether the society supports rights for women, including protection from domestic violence. A variety of statistics indicating women’s representation and culture were gathered for analysis. Using bi variate cor relation and multiple regression, the theories were tested against each other in an attempt to determine the cause of variation in levels of protection. The findings suggest that both women’s representation and culture are significantly correlated to level of protection. Because the number of women in elected office influences protection to a greater extent than culture, improving women’s representation appears to be an important factor in fighting the domestic violence problem. THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PROBLEM Across... .... [3] For data source, see UN. The World’s Women 2000: Trends and Statistics. NY, 2000. [4] For data source, see World Development Indicators, 2003 [5] For data source, see UN, The World’s Women 2000: Trends and Statistics. NY, 2000. [6] For data sources, see Kamerman, Neuman, Waldfogel and Brooks-Gunn. â€Å"Social Policies, Family Types and Child Outcomes in Selected OECD Countries.† OECD, 2003. Luxembourg Income Study, 1997; expert opinion [7] For data source, see Seager, Joni. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. Penguin Books: New York, 2003. [8] For data source, see Seager, Joni. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. Penguin Books: New York, 2003. [9] For data source, see The World Bank Statistics, 2001 [10] For data source, see Seager, Joni. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. Penguin Books: New York, 2003.

The Financial System of Bangladesh

Overview of Financial system of Bangladesh The financial system of Bangladesh is comprised of three broad fragmented sectors: 1. Formal Sector, 2. Semi-Formal Sector, 3. Informal Sector. The sectors have been categorized in accordance with their degree of regulation. The formal sector includes all regulated institutions like Banks, Non-Bank Financial Institutions (FIs), Insurance Companies, Capital Market Intermediaries like Brokerage Houses, Merchant Banks etc. ; Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs).The semi formal sector includes those institutions which are regulated otherwise but do not fall under the jurisdiction of Central Bank, Insurance Authority, Securities and Exchange Commission or any other enacted financial regulator. This sector is mainly represented by Specialized Financial Institutions like House Building Finance Corporation (HBFC), Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation (PKSF), Samabay Bank, Grameen Bank etc. , Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs and discrete government progra ms. About financial MarketThe financial market in Bangladesh is mainly of following types: 1. Money Market: The primary money market is comprised of banks, FIs and primary dealers as intermediaries and savings & lending instruments, treasury bills as instruments. There are currently 15 primary dealers (12 banks and 3 FIs) in Bangladesh. The only active secondary market is overnight call money market which is participated by the scheduled banks and FIs. The money market in Bangladesh is regulated by Bangladesh Bank (BB), the Central Bank of Bangladesh. . Capital market: The primary segment of capital market is operated through private and public offering of equity and bond instruments. The secondary segment of capital market is institutionalized by two (02) stock exchanges-Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange. The instruments in these exchanges are equity securities (shares), debentures, corporate bonds and treasury bonds. The capital market in Bangladesh is governed by Securities and Commission (SEC). 3.Foreign Exchange Market: Towards liberalization of foreign exchange transactions, a number of measures were adopted since 1990s. Bangladeshi currency, the taka, was declared convertible on current account transactions (as on 24 March 1994), in terms of Article VIII of IMF Article of Agreement (1994). As Taka is not convertible in capital account, resident owned capital is not freely transferable abroad. Repatriation of profits or disinvestment proceeds on non-resident FDI and portfolio investment inflows are permitted freely.Direct investments of non-residents in the industrial sector and portfolio investments of non-residents through stock exchanges are repatriable abroad, as also are capital gains and profits/dividends thereon. Investment abroad of resident-owned capital is subject to prior Bangladesh Bank approval, which is allowed only sparingly. Bangladesh adopted Floating Exchange Rate regime since 31 May 2003. Under the regime, BB does not interfere in the determination of exchange rate, but operates the monetary policy prudently for minimizing extreme swings in exchange rate to avoid adverse repercussion on the domestic economy.The exchange rate is being determined in the market on the basis of market demand and supply forces of the respective currencies. In the forex market banks are free to buy and sale foreign currency in the spot and also in the forward markets. However, to avoid any unusual volatility in the exchange rate, Bangladesh Bank, the regulator of foreign exchange market remains vigilant over the developments in the foreign exchange market and intervenes by buying and selling foreign currencies whenever it deems necessary to maintain stability in the foreign exchange market.Regulators of the Financial System Central Bank Bangladesh Bank acts as the Central Bank of Bangladesh which was established on December 16, 1972 through the enactment of Bangladesh Bank Order 1972- President’s Order No. 127 o f 1972 (Amended in 2003). The general superintendence and direction of the affairs and business of BB have been entrusted to a 9 members' Board of Directors which is headed by the Governor who is the Chief Executive Officer of this institution as well. BB has 40 departments and 9 branch offices.In Strategic Plan (2010-2014), the vision of BB has been stated as, â€Å"To develop continually as a forward looking central bank with competent and committed professionals of high ethical standards, conducting monetary management and financial sector supervision to maintain price stability and financial system robustness, supporting rapid broad based inclusive economic growth, employment generation and poverty eradication in Bangladesh†. The main functions of BB are (Section 7A of BB Order, 1972) – 1. to formulate and implement monetary policy; 2. o formulate and implement intervention policies in the foreign exchange market; 3. to give advice to the Government on the interact ion of monetary policy with fiscal and exchange rate policy, on the impact of various policy measures on the economy and to propose legislative measures it considers necessary or appropriate to attain its objectives and perform its functions; 4. to hold and manage the official foreign reserves of Bangladesh; 5. to promote, regulate and ensure a secure and efficient payment system, including the issue of bank notes; 6. o regulate and supervise banking companies and financial institutions. Core Policies of Central Bank Monetary policy The main objectives of monetary policy of Bangladesh Bank are: †¢Price stability both internal & external †¢Sustainable growth & development †¢High employment †¢Economic and efficient use of resources †¢Stability of financial & payment system Bangladesh Bank declares the monetary policy by issuing Monetary Policy Statement (MPS) twice (January and July) in a year.The tools and instruments for implementation of monetary policy in Bangladesh are Bank Rate, Open Market Operations (OMO), Repurchase agreements (Repo) & Reverse Repo, Statutory Reserve Requirements (SLR & CRR). Reserve Management Strategy Bangladesh Bank maintains the foreign exchange reserve of the country in different currencies to minimize the risk emerging from widespread fluctuation in exchange rate of major currencies and very irregular movement in interest rates in the global money market.BB has established Nostro account arrangements with different Central Banks. Funds accumulated in these accounts are invested in Treasury bills, repos and other government papers in the respective currencies. It also makes investment in the form of short term deposits with different high rated and reputed commercial banks and purchase of high rated sovereign/supranational/corporate bonds. A separate department of BB performs the operational functions regarding investment which is guided by investment policy set by the BB's Investment Committee headed by a Deputy Governor.The underlying principle of the investment policy is to ensure the optimum return on investment with minimum market risk. Interest Rate Policy Under the Financial sector reform program, a flexible interest policy was formulated. According to that, banks are free to charge/fix their deposit (Bank /Financial Institutes) and Lending (Bank /Financial Institutes) rates other than Export Credit. At present, except Pre-shipment export credit and agricultural lending, there is no interest rate cap on lending for banks.Yet, banks can differentiate interest rate up to 3% considering comparative risk elements involved among borrowers in same lending category. With progressive deregulation of interest rates, banks have been advised to announce the mid-rate of the limit (if any) for different sectors and the banks may change interest 1. 5% more or less than the announced mid-rate on the basis of the comparative credit risk. Banks upload their deposit and lending interest rate in their respective website. Capital Adequacy for Banks and FIsWith a view to strengthening the capital base of banks & FIs, Basel-II Accord has been introduced in both of these sectors. For banks, full implementation of Basel-II was started in January 01, 2010 (Guidelines on Risk Based Capital Adequacy for banks). Now, scheduled banks in Bangladesh are required to maintain Tk. 4 billion or 10% of Total Risk Weighted Assets as capital, whichever is higher. For FIs, full implementation of Basel-II has been started in January 01, 2012 (Prudential Guidelines on Capital Adequacy and Market Discipline (CAMD) for Financial Institutions).Now, FIs in Bangladesh are required to maintain Tk. 1 billion or 10% of Total Risk Weighted Assets as capital, whichever is higher. Deposit Insurance The deposit insurance scheme (DIS) was introduced in Bangladesh in August 1984 to act as a safety net for the depositors. All the scheduled banks Bangladesh are the member of this scheme Bank Deposit Insurance A ct 2000. The purpose of DIS is to help to increase market discipline, reduce moral hazard in the financial sector and provide safety nets at the minimum cost to the public in the event of bank failure.A Deposit Insurance Trust Fund (DITF) has also been created for providing limited protection (not exceeding Taka 0. 01 million) to a small depositor in case of winding up of any bank. The Board of Directors of BB is the Trustee Board for the DITF. BB has adopted a system of risk based deposit insurance premium rates applicable for all scheduled banks effective from January – June 2007. According to new instruction regarding premium rates, problem banks are required to pay 0. 09 percent and private banks other than the problem banks and state owned commercial banks are required to pay 0. 7 percent where the percent coverage of the deposits is taka one hundred thousand per depositor per bank. With this end in view, BB has already advised the banks for bringing DIS into the notice of the public through displaying the same in their display board. Insurance Authority Insurance Development and Regulatory Authority (IDRA) was instituted on January 26, 2011 as the regulator of insurance industry being empowered by Insurance Development and Regulatory Act, 2010 by replacing its predecessor, Chief Controller of Insurance.This institution is operated under Ministry of Finance and a 4 member executive body headed by Chairman is responsible for its general supervision and direction of business. IDRA has been established to make the insurance industry as the premier financial service provider in the country by structuring on an efficient corporate environment, by securing embryonic aspiration of society and by penetrating deep into all segments for high economic growth.The mission of IDRA is to protect the interest of the policy holders and other stakeholders under insurance policy, supervise and regulate the insurance industry effectively, ensure orderly and systematic growth of the insurance industry and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Regulator of Capital Market Intermediaries Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) performs the functions to regulate the capital market intermediaries and issuance of capital and financial instruments by public limited companies.It was established on June 8, 1993 under the Securities and Exchange Commission Act, 1993. A 5 member commission headed by a Chairman has the overall responsibility to administer securities legislation and the Commission is attached to the Ministry of Finance. The mission of SEC is to protect the interests of securities investors, to develop and maintain fair, transparent and efficient securities markets and to ensure proper issuance of securities and compliance with securities laws. The main functions of SEC are: †¢Regulating the business of the Stock Exchanges or any other securities market. Registering and regulating the business of stock-brokers, sub-broke rs, share transfer agents, merchant bankers and managers of issues, trustee of trust deeds, registrar of an issue, underwriters, portfolio managers, investment advisers and other intermediaries in the securities market. †¢Registering, monitoring and regulating of collective investment scheme including all forms of mutual funds. †¢Monitoring and regulating all authorized self regulatory organizations in the securities market. †¢Prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices in any securities market. Promoting investors’ education and providing training for intermediaries of the securities market. †¢Prohibiting insider trading in securities. †¢Regulating the substantial acquisition of shares and take-over of companies. †¢Undertaking investigation and inspection, inquiries and audit of any issuer or dealer of securities, the Stock Exchanges and intermediaries and any self regulatory organization in the securities market. †¢Conducting researc h and publishing information. Regulator of Micro Finance InstitutionsTo bring Non-government Microfinance Institutions (NGO-MFIs) under a regulatory framework, the Government of Bangladesh enacted â€Å"Microcredit Regulatory Authority Act, 2006’† (Act no. 32 of 2006) which came into effect from August 27, 2006. Under this Act, the Government established Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA) with a view to ensuring transparency and accountability of microcredit activities of the NGO-MFIs in the country. The Authority is empowered and responsible to implement the said act and to bring the microcredit sector of the country under a full-fledged regulatory framework.MRA’s mission is to ensure transparency and accountability of microfinance operations of NGO-MFIs as well as foster sustainable growth of this sector. In order to achieve its mission, MRA has set itself the task to attain the following goals: †¢To formulate as well as implement the policies to ensu re good governance and transparent financial systems of MFIs. †¢To conduct in-depth research on critical microfinance issues and provide policy inputs to the government consistent with the national strategy for poverty eradication. To provide training of NGO-MFIs and linking them with the broader financial market to facilitate sustainable resources and efficient management. †¢To assist the government to build up an inclusive financial market for economic development of the country. †¢To identify the priorities in the microfinance sector for policy guidance and dissemination of information to attain the MRA’s social responsibility. According to the Act, the MRA will be responsible for the three primary functions that will need to be carried out, namely: †¢Licensing of MFIs with explicit legal powers; Supervision of MFIs to ensure that they continue to comply with the licensing requirements; and †¢Enforcement of sanctions in the event of any MFI failing to meet the licensing and ongoing supervisory requirements. Banks After the independence, banking industry in Bangladesh started its journey with 6 Nationalized commercialized banks, 2 State owned Specialized banks and 3 Foreign Banks. In the 1980's banking industry achieved significant expansion with the entrance of private banks.Now, banks in Bangladesh are primarily of two types: †¢Scheduled Banks: The banks which get license to operate under Bank Company Act, 1991 (Amended in 2003) are termed as Scheduled Banks. †¢Non-Scheduled Banks: The banks which are established for special and definite objective and operate under the acts that are enacted for meeting up those objectives, are termed as Non-Scheduled Banks. These banks cannot perform all functions of scheduled banks. There are 47 scheduled banks in Bangladesh who operate under full control and supervision f Bangladesh Bank which is empowered to do so through Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972 and Bank Company Act, 1991. S cheduled Banks are classified into following types: †¢State Owned Commercial Banks (SOCBs): There are 4 SOCBs which are fully or majorly owned by the Government of Bangladesh. Nationalized Commercial Bank of Bangladesh: †¢Sonali Bank †¢Agrani Bank †¢Rupali Bank †¢Janata Bank †¢ †¢Specialized Banks (SDBs): 9 specialized banks are now operating which were established for specific objectives like agricultural or industrial development. These banks are also fully or majorly owned by the Government of Bangladesh. . Karmasangsthan Bank 2. Bangladesh Krishi Bank 3. Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank 4. Progoti Co-operative Landmortgage Bank Limited (Progoti BanK) 5. Grameen Bank 6. Bangladesh Development Bank Ltd 7. Bangladesh Somobay Bank Limited(Cooperative Bank) 8. Ansar VDP Unnyan Bank 9. BASIC Bank Limited (Bangladesh Small Industries and Commerce Bank Limited †¢ †¢Private Commercial Banks (PCBs): There are 37 private commercial banks which are m ajorly owned by the private entities. PCBs can be categorized into two groups: 1. United Commercial Bank Limited 2. Mutual Trust Bank Limited 3. BRAC Bank Limited . Eastern Bank Limited 5. Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited 6. Dhaka Bank Limited 7. Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 8. Uttara Bank Limited 9. Pubali Bank Limited 10. IFIC Bank Limited 11. National Bank Limited 12. The City Bank Limited 13. NCC Bank Limited 14. Mercantile Bank Limited 15. Prime Bank Limited 16. Southeast Bank Limited 17. Al-Arafah Islami Bank Limited 18. Social Islami Bank Limited 19. Standard Bank Limited 20. One Bank Limited 21. Exim Bank Limited 22. Bangladesh Commerce Bank Limited 23. First Security Islami Bank Limited 24. The Premier Bank Limited 25. Bank Asia Limited 26.Trust Bank Limited 27. Shahjalal Islami Bank Limited 28. Jamuna Bank Limited 29. ICB Islamic Bank 30. AB Bank 31. Social Investment Bank Ltd 32. Union Bank 33. Modhumati Bank 34. The Farmers' Bank 35. Midland Bank 36. Meghna Bank 37. South Bangla Agriculture and Commerce Bank †¢Conventional PCBs: 23 conventional PCBs are now operating in the industry. They perform the banking functions in conventional fashion interest based operations. †¢Islami Shariah based PCBs: There are 7 Islami Shariah based PCBs in Bangladesh and they execute banking activities according to Islami Shariah based principles i. . Profit-Loss Sharing (PLS) mode. . †¢Foreign Commercial Banks (FCBs): 10 FCBs are operating in Bangladesh as the branches of the banks which are incorporated in abroad. 10 foreign commercial banks are operating in Bangladesh. These are – 1. Citibank 2. HSBC 3. Standard Chartered Bank 4. Commercial Bank of Ceylon 5. State Bank of India 6. Habib Bank Limited 7. National Bank of Pakistan 8. Woori Bank 9. Bank Alfalah 10. ICICI Bank There are now 4 non-scheduled banks in Bangladesh which are: †¢Ansar VDP Unnayan Bank, †¢Karmashangosthan Bank, †¢Probashi Kollyan Bank, †¢Jubilee Bank FIsNon Bank Financial Institutions (FIs) are those types of financial institutions which are regulated under Financial Institution Act, 1993 and controlled by Bangladesh Bank. Now, 31 FIs are operating in Bangladesh while the maiden one was established in 1981. Out of the total, 2 is fully government owned, 1 is the subsidiary of a SOCB, 13 were initiated by private domestic initiative and 15 were initiated by joint venture initiative. Major sources of funds of FIs are Term Deposit (at least six months tenure), Credit Facility from Banks and other FIs, Call Money as well as Bond and Securitization.The major difference between banks and FIs are as follows: †¢FIs cannot issue cheques, pay-orders or demand drafts. †¢FIs cannot receive demand deposits, †¢FIs cannot be involved in foreign exchange financing, †¢FIs can conduct their business operations with diversified financing modes like syndicated financing, bridge financing, lease financing, securitization instruments, privat e placement of equity etc. Capital market After the independence, establishment of Dhaka Stock Exchange (formerly East Pakistan Stock Exchange) initiated the pathway of capital market intermediaries in Bangladesh.In 1976, formation of Investment Corporation of Bangladesh opened the door of professional portfolio management in institutional form. In last two decades, capital market witnessed number of institutional and regulatory advancements which has resulted diversified capital market intermediaries. At present, capital market intermediaries are of following types: 1. Stock Exchanges: Apart from Dhaka Stock Exchange, there is another stock exchange in Bangladesh that is Chittagong Stock Exchange established in 1995. 2.Central Depository: The only depository system for the transaction and settlement of financial securities, Central Depository Bangladesh Ltd (CDBL) was formed in 2000 which conducts its operations under Depositories Act 1999, Depositories Regulations 2000, Depository (User) Regulations 2003, and the CDBL by-laws. 3. Stock Dealer/Sock Broker: Under SEC (Stock Dealer, Stock Broker & Authorized Representative) Rules 2000, these entities are licensed and they are bound to be a member of any of the two stock exchanges. At present, DSE and CSE have 238 and 136 members respectively. . Merchant Banker & Portfolio Manager: These institutions are licensed to operate under SEC (Merchant Banker & Portfolio Manager Rules) 1996 and 45 institutions have been licensed by SEC under this rules so far. 5. Asset Management Companies (AMCs): AMCs are authorized to act as issue and portfolio manager of the mutual funds which are issued under SEC (Mutual Fund) Rules 2001. There are 15 AMCs in Bangladesh at present. 6. Credit Rating Companies (CRCs): CRCs in Bangladesh are licensed under Credit Rating Companies Rules, 1996 and now, 5 CRCs have been accredited by SEC. 7.Trustees/Custodians: According to rules, all asset backed securitizations and mutual funds must have an accredited trusty and security custodian. For that purpose, SEC has licensed 9 institutions as Trustees and 9 institutions as custodians. 8. Investment Corporation of Bangladesh (ICB): ICB is a specialized capital market intermediary which was established in 1976 through the ordainment of The Investment Corporation of Bangladesh Ordinance 1976. This ordinance has empowered ICB to perform all types of capital market intermediation that fall under jurisdiction of SEC. ICB has three subsidiaries: 8. 1.ICB Capital Management Ltd. , 8. 2. ICB Asset Management Company Ltd. , 8. 3. ICB Securities Trading Company Ltd. Insurance Insurance sector in Bangladesh emerged after independence with 2 nationalized insurance companies- 1 Life & 1 General; and 1 foreign insurance company. In mid 80s, private sector insurance companies started to enter in the industry and it got expanded. Now days, 62 companies are operating under Insurance Act 2010. Out of them- †¢18 are Life Insurance Compani es including 1 foreign company and 1 is state-owned company, †¢44 General Insurance Companies including 1 state-owned company.Insurance companies in Bangladesh provide following services: 1. Life insurance, 2. General Insurance, 3. Reinsurance, 4. Micro-insurance, 5. Takaful or Islami insurance. Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) The member-based Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) constitute a rapidly growing segment of the Rural Financial Market (RFM) in Bangladesh. Microcredit programs (MCP) in Bangladesh are implemented by various formal financial institutions (nationalized commercial banks and specialized banks), specialized government organizations and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs).The growth in the MFI sector, in terms of the number of MFI as well as total membership, was phenomenal during the 1990s and continues till today. Despite the fact that more than a thousand of institutions are operating microcredit programs, but only 10 large Microcredit Institutions (MFIs) a nd Grameen Bank represent 87% of total savings of the sector and 81% of total outstanding loan of the sector. Through the financial services of microcredit, the poor people are engaging themselves in various income generating activities and around 30 million poor people are directly benefited from microcredit programs.Credit services of this sector can be categorized into six broad groups: i) general microcredit for small-scale self employment based activities, ii) microenterprise loans, iii) loans for ultra poor, iv) agricultural loans, v) seasonal loans, and vi) loans for disaster management. Currently, 599 institutions (as of October 10 2011) have been licensed by MRA to operate Micro Credit Programs. But, Grameen Bank is out of the jurisdiction of MRA as it is operated under a distinct legislation- Grameen Bank Ordinance, 1983. Recent Developments in Financial Sector of BangladeshAutomation and Technological Development: Banking sector experienced remarkable progress in respect of automation in functioning in last several years. For the pro-active and forward-visioning approach of Bangladesh Bank, numbers of automation initiatives have been implemented in banking sector. These initiatives include: †¢To create a disciplined environment for borrowing, the automated Credit Information Bureau (CIB) service provides credit related information for prospective and existing borrowers. With this improved and efficient system, risk management will be more effective.Banks and financial institutions may furnish credit information to CIB database 24 by 7 around the year; and they can access credit reports from CIB online instantly. †¢L/C Monitoring System has been introduced for preservation and using the all necessary information regarding L/C by the banks through BB website. This system allows the authorized users of banks to upload and download their L/C information. †¢ In terms of article 36(3) of Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972, all scheduled banks are subject to submit Weekly Statement of Position as at the close of business on every Thursday to the Department of Off-site Supervision.This statement now is submitted through on-line using the web upload service of BB website within o3 (three) working days after the reporting date which is much more time and labor efficient that the earlier manual system. †¢The e-Returns service has been introduced which is An Online Portal Service for Scheduled Banks to submit Electronic Returns using predefined template for the purpose of Macro Economy Analysis through related BB Departments. †¢Online Export Monitoring System is used for monitoring export of Bangladesh. Through this service, Banks and AD Branches of Banks issue & reports export report. Bangladesh Automated Clearing House (BACH) started to work by replacing the ancient manual clearing system which allows the inter-bank cheques and similar type instruments to be to settled in instant manner. †¢Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) has been introduced which facilitates the banks to make bulk payments instantly and using least paper and manpower. †¢The initiation of Mobile Banking has been one of the most noteworthy advancement in banking. Through this system, franchises of banks through mobile operators can provide banking service to even the remotest corner of the country. Almost every commercial bank is now using their own core banking solution which has made banking very faster and efficient. Usage of plastic money has much more increased in daily life transactions. Full or partial online banking is now being practiced by almost every bank. Inauguration of internet trading in both of the bourses (DSE & CSE) in the country is the most significant advancement for capital market in last several years. Micro Finance Institutions submit their reports to the regulator through the Online Report Submission Tools for MFIs. Institutional Development:Through the Central Bank Strengthening Project, there ha ve been a good number of achievements regarding the institutional development in BB which can be observed below: †¢The implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has been a big step in automation of operational structure of BB. †¢The establishment of Enterprise Data Warehouse (under process) will bring the whole banking and FI industry under a single network through which data sharing, reporting and supervision will enter in a new horizon. †¢Bangladesh Bank now possesses the most informative and resourceful website of the country regarding economic and financial information. Internal networking system with required online communication facilities have been developed and in operation for the officers of BB. †¢BB has hosted number of international seminars on different economic and financial issues over last several years. MRA was established in 2006 for bringing NGO-MFIs under supervision. For the pro active role of MRA, this sector (MFI) is now in a goo d shape regarding the accountability and regulation. For abolishing anomaly and fetching discipline in insurance industry, IDRA was established in 2011.In one year, IDRA has taken number of appreciable steps to regularize this industry. After the massive crash of local bourses in 2010-2011, the executive body of SEC was redesigned in full and some good results have come after that. Regulatory Development: Banking and FI industries have experienced diversified regulatory development over last few years: †¢Full implementation of Basel-II (International capital adequacy standard) accord has been in effect in both banking and FI industry. †¢Guidelines on Environmental and Climate Change Risk Management for banks and FIs have been circulated.Policy guidelines on Green Banking also have been issued. †¢Guidelines on Stress Testing for banks and FIs have been issued which is aimed to assess the resilience of banks and FIs under different adverse situations. †¢Number of P olicy initiatives for Financial Inclusion has been undertaken. †¢Banks have been asked to build up separate Risk Management Unit for comprehensive and intensive risk management. †¢Banks have been instructed to create separate subsidiary for capital market operations and capital market operations of banks are now minutely monitored. Supervision has been intensified to increase the participation of banks in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). †¢For the efficient and timely action of BB, foreign exchange reserve of Bangladesh did not face any adversity during global financial turmoil of 2007-09. †¢To meet international standard on Anti Money Laundering (AML)/Combating Financing of Terrorism (CFT) issues, guidelines for Money Changers, Insurance Companies and Postal Remittance have already been circulated. SEC has updated Public Issue Rules, 2006 and Mutual Fund Rules, 2001.Apart from that, numbers of AMCs, merchant banks and are Mutual Funds are permitted by SEC which has increased the participation of institutional investors. The trend of capital market research has been upward which indicates the potential of analytical investment decision. Insurance Act 2010 was formulated to meet demand of concurrent time for shifting the insurance industry in a better shape. Apart from that, several initiatives have been undertaken by IDRA for prohibiting the malpractices in the industry regarding insurance commission, agent, premium etc and corporate governance issues.Banks As on June 2011 Deposits AdvancesTotal Capital*No. of Branches 4115855. 50 Million3212848. 70 Million461697. 00 Million7772 FIs As on December 2010 Deposits Loans and leasesAssetsShare Capital & ReserveNo. of Branches 94374. 80 Million321284. 87 Million251527. 34 Million44689. 29 Million115 Insurance As on December 2009 AssetShare CapitalReserve Life Insurance118020. 15 Million1245. 54 Million106098. 88 Million Non-Life Insurance42622. 90 Million6653. 83 Million12133. 30 Million Ca pital MarketMarket Capitalization of Dhaka Stock Exchange As on September 2011 All Listed Securities2,782,901Million All Listed Companies Shares2,202,274 Million All Listed Mutual Funds35,733 Million All Debentures576 Million All Listed Govt. T-Bonds537,381 Million All Listed Corporate Bonds6,937 Million MFIs As on June 2009 Total Outstanding Number of ClientsNumber of BorrowersNo. of Branches 1,21,881. 85 Million24. 77 Million19. 50Million 18,022 * Sum of Tier-I, Tier-II and Tier-II Capital Components Related article: Padma Bridge

Breast Cancer And The Use Of Exercise As Medicine

An Overview of Breast Cancer and the Use of Exercise as Medicine According to Moyer (2013), â€Å"breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in women†; this makes breast cancer a relevant topic due to its impact among the female population (p.698). To put a number to how many women breast cancer is estimated to effect in America, the American Cancer Society (2014) has a statistics stating that â€Å"every year over 200,000 American women are diagnosed with breast cancer†. With a relatively high number of women within America being diagnosed with breast cancer it is important to gain knowledge about the disease. Not only is it important to increase our information of breast cancer, but to improve our understanding of different treatments that†¦show more content†¦According to Cuppett and Walsh (2012), common areas where â€Å"cancer of the breast originates are in the breast ducts and lobules† (p. 214). These two areas of the breast are involved in the movement of milk to the nipple. Multiple lobules create a lob e which then transports breast milk to the ducts where the milk then can be moved to the nipple (Cuppett Walsh, 2012). Also, Cuppett and Walsh discussed that â€Å"three major types of breast cancer are described on the basis of their location of origin and histology† (p.214). These three major types of breast cancer are lobular cancer, ductal cancer, and inflammatory breast cancer (Cuppett Walsh, 2012). When diagnosed with breast cancer a patient may have received a mammography or self-examination. Diagnosis There are different signs that can indicate to an individual that they may have breast cancer. During the self- examination some signs are: â€Å"nipple discharge, inverted nipple, change in shape or size of breast, change in appearance of skin, or a lump/mass is felt during palpation† (Cuppett Walsh, 2012, p.216-217). Then during a mammography a mass maybe seen and this can indicate the location and size of the tumor with the breast (Cuppett Walsh, 2012). Once the mass is seen then testing can be down to tell what the tumor is consisting of which can then help with treatment options. The tumor can be made up of estrogen hormone